1.75 * 10 11 parameters. * 2 for 2 bytes per parameter (16 bits) gives 3.5 * 10 11 bytes. To go from bytes to gigs, we multiply by 10 -9. 3.5 * 10 11 * 10 -9 = 350 gigs. So your absolute bare minimum lower bound is still a goddamn beefy model. That's ~22 16 gig GPUs worth of memory. I don't deal with the nuts and bolts of giant models, so I'm ...Dead simple way to run LLaMA on your computer. - https://cocktailpeanut.github.io/dalai/ LLaMa Model Card - https://github.com/facebookresearch/llama/blob/m...Locally Run ChatGPT Clone for API Use. Hey, I've been working on this tool for a while so I can replace my own ChatGPT usage with it, and it's finally to a place where I can make it a repo. I tried to mimic all the basic features of ChatGPT and also add some new ones that make it more customizable and tweakable. For one, there's 2 different ...Apr 7, 2023 · Host the Flask app on the local system. Run the Flask app on the local machine, making it accessible over the network using the machine's local IP address. Modify the program running on the other system. Update the program to send requests to the locally hosted GPT-Neo model instead of using the OpenAI API. Test and troubleshoot GPT-3 cannot run on hobbyist-level GPU yet. That's the difference (compared to Stable Diffusion which could run on 2070 even with a not-so-carefully-written PyTorch implementation), and the reason why I believe that while ChatGPT is awesome and made more people aware what LLMs could do today, this is not a moment like what happened with diffusion models. Dec 16, 2022 · $ plz –help Generates bash scripts from the command line. Usage: plz [OPTIONS] <PROMPT> Arguments: <PROMPT> Description of the command to execute Options:-y, –force Run the generated program without asking for confirmation-h, –help Print help information-V, –version Print version information Jul 29, 2022 · This GPT-3 tutorial will guide you in crafting your own web application, powered by the impressive GPT-3 from OpenAI. With Python, Streamlit ( https://streamlit.io/ ), and GitHub as your tools, you'll learn the essentials of launching a powered by GPT-3 application. This tutorial is perfect for those with a basic understanding of Python. The three things that could potentially make this possible seem to be. Model distillation Ideally the size of a model could be reduced by a large fraction, such as hugging Dave's distilled gpt-2 which is 30% of the original I believe. Phones progressively will get more RAM, ideally to run a big model like that you'd need a lot of RAM and ...Here is a breakdown of the sizes of some of the available GPT-3 models: gpt3. (117M parameters): The smallest version of GPT-3, with 117 million parameters. The model and its associated files are approximately 1.3 GB in size. gpt3-medium. (345M parameters): A medium-sized version of GPT-3, with 345 million parameters.Hi, I’m wanting to get started installing and learning GPT-J on a local Windows PC. There are plenty of excellent videos explaining the concepts behind GPT-J, but what would really help me is a basic step-by-step process for the installation? Is there anyone that would be willing to help me get started? My plan is to utilize my CPU as my GPU has only 11GB VRAM , but I do have 64GB of system ...Sep 1, 2023 · There you have it; you cannot run ChatGPT locally because while GPT 3 is open source, ChatGPT is not. Hence, you must look for ChatGPT-like alternatives to run locally if you are concerned about sharing your data with the cloud servers to access ChatGPT. That said, plenty of AI content generators are available that are easy to run and use locally. Jun 3, 2020 · The largest GPT-3 model is an order of magnitude larger than the previous record holder, T5-11B. The smallest GPT-3 model is roughly the size of BERT-Base and RoBERTa-Base. All GPT-3 models use the same attention-based architecture as their GPT-2 predecessor. The smallest GPT-3 model (125M) has 12 attention layers, each with 12x 64-dimension ... You can customize GPT-3 for your application with one command and use it immediately in our API: openai api fine_tunes.create -t. See how. It takes less than 100 examples to start seeing the benefits of fine-tuning GPT-3 and performance continues to improve as you add more data. In research published last June, we showed how fine-tuning with ...Mar 13, 2023 · Dead simple way to run LLaMA on your computer. - https://cocktailpeanut.github.io/dalai/ LLaMa Model Card - https://github.com/facebookresearch/llama/blob/m... Jul 16, 2023 · Open the created folder in VS Code: Go to the File menu in the VS Code interface and select “Open Folder”. Choose your newly created folder (“ChatGPT_Local”) and click “Select Folder”. Open a terminal in VS Code: Go to the View menu and select Terminal. This will open a terminal at the bottom of the VS Code interface. Jul 16, 2023 · Open the created folder in VS Code: Go to the File menu in the VS Code interface and select “Open Folder”. Choose your newly created folder (“ChatGPT_Local”) and click “Select Folder”. Open a terminal in VS Code: Go to the View menu and select Terminal. This will open a terminal at the bottom of the VS Code interface. Mar 14, 2023 · An anonymous reader quotes a report from Ars Technica: On Friday, a software developer named Georgi Gerganov created a tool called "llama.cpp" that can run Meta's new GPT-3-class AI large language model, LLaMA, locally on a Mac laptop. Soon thereafter, people worked out how to run LLaMA on Windows as well. Yes, you can install ChatGPT locally on your machine. ChatGPT is a variant of the GPT-3 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3) language model, which was developed by OpenAI. It is designed to…You can’t run GPT-3 locally even if you had sufficient hardware since it’s closed source and only runs on OpenAI’s servers. how ironic... openAI is using closed source DonKosak • 9 mo. ago r/koboldai will run several popular large language models on your 3090 gpu. GPT-3 and ChatGPT contains a compressed version of the complete knowledge of humanity. Stable Diffusion contains much less information than that. You can run some of the smaller variants of GPT-2 and GPT-Neo locally, but the results are not so impressive. Just using the MacBook Pro as an example of a common modern high-end laptop. Obviously, this isn't possible because OpenAI doesn't allow GPT to be run locally but I'm just wondering what sort of computational power would be required if it were possible. Currently, GPT-4 takes a few seconds to respond using the API.Jun 24, 2021 · The project was born in July 2020 as a quest to replicate OpenAI GPT-family models. A group of researchers and engineers decided to give OpenAI a “run for their money” and so the project began. Their ultimate goal is to replicate GPT-3-175B to “break OpenAI-Microsoft monopoly” on transformer-based language models. Feb 25, 2023 · Hi, I’m wanting to get started installing and learning GPT-J on a local Windows PC. There are plenty of excellent videos explaining the concepts behind GPT-J, but what would really help me is a basic step-by-step process for the installation? Is there anyone that would be willing to help me get started? My plan is to utilize my CPU as my GPU has only 11GB VRAM , but I do have 64GB of system ... 2. Import the openai library. This enables our Python code to go online and ChatGPT. import openai. 3. Create an object, model_engine and in there store your preferred model. davinci-003 is the ...Mar 14, 2023 · An anonymous reader quotes a report from Ars Technica: On Friday, a software developer named Georgi Gerganov created a tool called "llama.cpp" that can run Meta's new GPT-3-class AI large language model, LLaMA, locally on a Mac laptop. Soon thereafter, people worked out how to run LLaMA on Windows as well. Mar 11, 2023 · This morning I ran a GPT-3 class language model on my own personal laptop for the first time! AI stuff was weird already. It’s about to get a whole lot weirder. LLaMA. Somewhat surprisingly, language models like GPT-3 that power tools like ChatGPT are a lot larger and more expensive to build and operate than image generation models. Now that you know how to run GPT-3 locally, you can explore its limitless potential. While the idea of running GPT-3 locally may seem daunting, it can be done with a few keystrokes and commands. With the right hardware and software setup, you can unleash the power of GPT-3 on your local data sources and applications, from chatbots to content ...GPT-3 and ChatGPT contains a compressed version of the complete knowledge of humanity. Stable Diffusion contains much less information than that. You can run some of the smaller variants of GPT-2 and GPT-Neo locally, but the results are not so impressive.The cost would be on my end from the laptops and computers required to run it locally. Site hosting for loading text or even images onto a site with only 50-100 users isn't particularly expensive unless there's a lot of users. So I'd basically be having get computers to be able to handle the requests and respond fast enough, and have them run 24/7. I encountered some fun errors when trying to run the llama-13b-4bit models on older Turing architecture cards like the RTX 2080 Ti and Titan RTX.Everything seemed to load just fine, and it would ...GPT4All gives you the chance to RUN A GPT-like model on your LOCAL PC. If someone wants to install their very own 'ChatGPT-lite' kinda chatbot, consider trying GPT4All . The code/model is free to download and I was able to setup it up in under 2 minutes (without writing any new code, just click .exe to launch). It's like Alpaca, but better.I'm trying to figure out if it's possible to run the larger models (e.g. 175B GPT-3 equivalents) on consumer hardware, perhaps by doing a very slow emulation using one or several PCs such that their collective RAM (or swap SDD space) matches the VRAM needed for those beasts. Mar 30, 2022 · Let me show you first this short conversation with the custom-trained GPT-3 chatbot. I achieve this in a way called “few-shot learning” by the OpenAI people; it essentially consists in preceding the questions of the prompt (to be sent to the GPT-3 API) with a block of text that contains the relevant information. Apr 17, 2023 · 15 minutes What You Need Desktop computer or laptop At least 4GB of storage space Note, that GPT4All-J is a natural language model that's based on the GPT-J open source language model. It's... GitHub - PromtEngineer/localGPT: Chat with your documents on ... Dec 28, 2022 · Yes, you can install ChatGPT locally on your machine. ChatGPT is a variant of the GPT-3 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3) language model, which was developed by OpenAI. It is designed to… There are two options, local or google collab. I tried both and could run it on my M1 mac and google collab within a few minutes. Local Setup. Download the gpt4all-lora-quantized.bin file from Direct Link. Clone this repository, navigate to chat, and place the downloaded file there. Run the appropriate command for your OS:This GPT-3 tutorial will guide you in crafting your own web application, powered by the impressive GPT-3 from OpenAI. With Python, Streamlit ( https://streamlit.io/ ), and GitHub as your tools, you'll learn the essentials of launching a powered by GPT-3 application. This tutorial is perfect for those with a basic understanding of Python.Background Running ChatGPT (GPT-3) locally, you must bear in mind that it requires a significant amount of GPU and video RAM, is almost impossible for the average consumer to manage. In the rare instance that you do have the necessary processing power or video RAM available, you may be ableMar 11, 2023 · This morning I ran a GPT-3 class language model on my own personal laptop for the first time! AI stuff was weird already. It’s about to get a whole lot weirder. LLaMA. Somewhat surprisingly, language models like GPT-3 that power tools like ChatGPT are a lot larger and more expensive to build and operate than image generation models. Apr 17, 2023 · 15 minutes What You Need Desktop computer or laptop At least 4GB of storage space Note, that GPT4All-J is a natural language model that's based on the GPT-J open source language model. It's... We will create a Python environment to run Alpaca-Lora on our local machine. You need a GPU to run that model. It cannot run on the CPU (or outputs very slowly). If you use the 7B model, at least 12GB of RAM is required or higher if you use 13B or 30B models. If you don't have a GPU, you can perform the same steps in the Google Colab.2. Import the openai library. This enables our Python code to go online and ChatGPT. import openai. 3. Create an object, model_engine and in there store your preferred model. davinci-003 is the ...GPT-3 Pricing OpenAI's API offers 4 GPT-3 models trained on different numbers of parameters: Ada, Babbage, Curie, and Davinci. OpenAI don't say how many parameters each model contains, but some estimations have been made and it seems that Ada contains more or less 350 million parameters, Babbage contains 1.3 billion parameters, Curie contains 6.7 billion parameters, and Davinci contains 175 ...On Windows: Download the latest fortran version of w64devkit. Extract w64devkit on your pc. Run w64devkit.exe. Use the cd command to reach the llama.cpp folder. From here you can run: make. Using CMake: mkdir build cd build cmake .. cmake --build . --config Release.Auto-GPT is an autonomous GPT-4 experiment. The good news is that it is open-source, and everyone can use it. In this article, we describe what Auto-GPT is and how you can install it locally on ...Dec 28, 2022 · Yes, you can install ChatGPT locally on your machine. ChatGPT is a variant of the GPT-3 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3) language model, which was developed by OpenAI. It is designed to… You can’t run GPT-3 locally even if you had sufficient hardware since it’s closed source and only runs on OpenAI’s servers. how ironic... openAI is using closed source DonKosak • 9 mo. ago r/koboldai will run several popular large language models on your 3090 gpu. It is a GPT-2-like causal language model trained on the Pile dataset. This model was contributed by Stella Biderman. Tips: To load GPT-J in float32 one would need at least 2x model size RAM: 1x for initial weights and another 1x to load the checkpoint. So for GPT-J it would take at least 48GB RAM to just load the model.This GPT-3 tutorial will guide you in crafting your own web application, powered by the impressive GPT-3 from OpenAI. With Python, Streamlit ( https://streamlit.io/ ), and GitHub as your tools, you'll learn the essentials of launching a powered by GPT-3 application. This tutorial is perfect for those with a basic understanding of Python.You can run GPT-3, the model that powers chatGPT, on your own computer if you have the necessary hardware and software requirements. However, GPT-3 is a large language model and requires a lot of computational power to run, so it may not be practical for most users to run it on their personal computers.Here's GPT4All, a FREE ChatGPT for your computer! Unleash AI chat capabilities on your local computer with this LLM. In this video, I'll show you how to inst...Let me show you first this short conversation with the custom-trained GPT-3 chatbot. I achieve this in a way called “few-shot learning” by the OpenAI people; it essentially consists in preceding the questions of the prompt (to be sent to the GPT-3 API) with a block of text that contains the relevant information.Update June 5th 2020: OpenAI has announced a successor to GPT-2 in a newly published paper. Checkout our GPT-3 model overview. OpenAI recently published a blog post on their GPT-2 language model. This tutorial shows you how to run the text generator code yourself. As stated in their blog post:Dec 14, 2021 · You can customize GPT-3 for your application with one command and use it immediately in our API: openai api fine_tunes.create -t. See how. It takes less than 100 examples to start seeing the benefits of fine-tuning GPT-3 and performance continues to improve as you add more data. In research published last June, we showed how fine-tuning with ... I dont think any model you can run on a single commodity gpu will be on par with gpt-3. Perhaps GPT-J, Opt-{6.7B / 13B} and GPT-Neox20B are the best alternatives. Some might need significant engineering (e.g. deepspeed) to work on limited vram Feb 24, 2022 · GPT Neo *As of August, 2021 code is no longer maintained.It is preserved here in archival form for people who wish to continue to use it. 🎉 1T or bust my dudes 🎉. An implementation of model & data parallel GPT3-like models using the mesh-tensorflow library. Is it possible/legal to run gpt2 and 3 locally? Hi everyone. I mean the question in multiple ways. First, is it feasible for an average gaming PC to store and run (inference only) the model locally (without accessing a server) at a reasonable speed, and would it require an Nvidia card?Feb 23, 2023 · How to Run and install the ChatGPT Locally Using a Docker Desktop? ️ Powered By: https://www.outsource2bd.comYes, you can install ChatGPT locally on your mac... Apr 7, 2023 · Host the Flask app on the local system. Run the Flask app on the local machine, making it accessible over the network using the machine's local IP address. Modify the program running on the other system. Update the program to send requests to the locally hosted GPT-Neo model instead of using the OpenAI API. Test and troubleshoot Just using the MacBook Pro as an example of a common modern high-end laptop. Obviously, this isn't possible because OpenAI doesn't allow GPT to be run locally but I'm just wondering what sort of computational power would be required if it were possible. Currently, GPT-4 takes a few seconds to respond using the API. The three things that could potentially make this possible seem to be. Model distillation Ideally the size of a model could be reduced by a large fraction, such as hugging Dave's distilled gpt-2 which is 30% of the original I believe. Phones progressively will get more RAM, ideally to run a big model like that you'd need a lot of RAM and ...I dont think any model you can run on a single commodity gpu will be on par with gpt-3. Perhaps GPT-J, Opt-{6.7B / 13B} and GPT-Neox20B are the best alternatives. Some might need significant engineering (e.g. deepspeed) to work on limited vram I am using the python client for GPT 3 search model on my own Jsonlines files. When I run the code on Google Colab Notebook for test purposes, it works fine and returns the search responses. But when I run the code on my local machine (Mac M1) as a web application (running on localhost) using flask for web service functionalities, it gives the ...Background Running ChatGPT (GPT-3) locally, you must bear in mind that it requires a significant amount of GPU and video RAM, is almost impossible for the average consumer to manage. In the rare instance that you do have the necessary processing power or video RAM available, you may be ableGPT-3 and ChatGPT contains a compressed version of the complete knowledge of humanity. Stable Diffusion contains much less information than that. You can run some of the smaller variants of GPT-2 and GPT-Neo locally, but the results are not so impressive.GPT-3 Pricing OpenAI's API offers 4 GPT-3 models trained on different numbers of parameters: Ada, Babbage, Curie, and Davinci. OpenAI don't say how many parameters each model contains, but some estimations have been made and it seems that Ada contains more or less 350 million parameters, Babbage contains 1.3 billion parameters, Curie contains 6.7 billion parameters, and Davinci contains 175 ...anyone to run the model on CPU. 1 Data Collection and Curation We collected roughly one million prompt-response pairs using the GPT-3.5-Turbo OpenAI API between March 20, 2023 and March 26th, 2023. To do this, we first gathered a diverse sam-ple of questions/prompts by leveraging three pub-licly available datasets: •The unifiedchip2 subset ...I find this indeed very usable — again, considering that this was run on a MacBook Pro laptop. While it might not be on GPT-3.5 or even GPT-4 level, it certainly has some magic to it. A word on use considerations. When using GPT4All you should keep the author’s use considerations in mind:I'm trying to figure out if it's possible to run the larger models (e.g. 175B GPT-3 equivalents) on consumer hardware, perhaps by doing a very slow emulation using one or several PCs such that their collective RAM (or swap SDD space) matches the VRAM needed for those beasts.Host the Flask app on the local system. Run the Flask app on the local machine, making it accessible over the network using the machine's local IP address. Modify the program running on the other system. Update the program to send requests to the locally hosted GPT-Neo model instead of using the OpenAI API. Test and troubleshootMar 13, 2023 · On Friday, a software developer named Georgi Gerganov created a tool called "llama.cpp" that can run Meta's new GPT-3-class AI large language model, LLaMA, locally on a Mac laptop. Soon... Jul 16, 2023 · Open the created folder in VS Code: Go to the File menu in the VS Code interface and select “Open Folder”. Choose your newly created folder (“ChatGPT_Local”) and click “Select Folder”. Open a terminal in VS Code: Go to the View menu and select Terminal. This will open a terminal at the bottom of the VS Code interface. 3. Using HuggingFace in python. You can run GPT-J with the “transformers” python library from huggingface on your computer. Requirements. For inference, the model need approximately 12.1 GB. So to run it on the GPU, you need a NVIDIA card with at least 16GB of VRAM and also at least 16 GB of CPU Ram to load the model.The short answer is "Yes!". It is possible to run Chat GPT Client locally on your own computer. Here's a quick guide that you can use to run Chat GPT locally and that too using Docker Desktop. Let's dive in. Pre-requisite Step 1. Install Docker Desktop Step 2. Enable Kubernetes Step 3. Writing the Dockerfile […]Mar 11, 2023 · This morning I ran a GPT-3 class language model on my own personal laptop for the first time! AI stuff was weird already. It’s about to get a whole lot weirder. LLaMA. Somewhat surprisingly, language models like GPT-3 that power tools like ChatGPT are a lot larger and more expensive to build and operate than image generation models. You can customize GPT-3 for your application with one command and use it immediately in our API: openai api fine_tunes.create -t. See how. It takes less than 100 examples to start seeing the benefits of fine-tuning GPT-3 and performance continues to improve as you add more data. In research published last June, we showed how fine-tuning with ...Here is a breakdown of the sizes of some of the available GPT-3 models: gpt3. (117M parameters): The smallest version of GPT-3, with 117 million parameters. The model and its associated files are approximately 1.3 GB in size. gpt3-medium. (345M parameters): A medium-sized version of GPT-3, with 345 million parameters.anyone to run the model on CPU. 1 Data Collection and Curation We collected roughly one million prompt-response pairs using the GPT-3.5-Turbo OpenAI API between March 20, 2023 and March 26th, 2023. To do this, we first gathered a diverse sam-ple of questions/prompts by leveraging three pub-licly available datasets: •The unifiedchip2 subset ...Dec 28, 2022 · Yes, you can install ChatGPT locally on your machine. ChatGPT is a variant of the GPT-3 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3) language model, which was developed by OpenAI. It is designed to… GPT Neo *As of August, 2021 code is no longer maintained.It is preserved here in archival form for people who wish to continue to use it. 🎉 1T or bust my dudes 🎉. An implementation of model & data parallel GPT3-like models using the mesh-tensorflow library.Y es, you can definitely install ChatGPT locally on your machine. ChatGPT is a variant of the GPT-3 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3) language model, which was developed by OpenAI. It is designed to generate human-like text in a conversational style and can be used for a variety of natural language processing tasks such as chatbots ...GPT4All gives you the chance to RUN A GPT-like model on your LOCAL PC. If someone wants to install their very own 'ChatGPT-lite' kinda chatbot, consider trying GPT4All . The code/model is free to download and I was able to setup it up in under 2 minutes (without writing any new code, just click .exe to launch). It's like Alpaca, but better. 15 minutes What You Need Desktop computer or laptop At least 4GB of storage space Note, that GPT4All-J is a natural language model that's based on the GPT-J open source language model. It's...
GPT-3 marks an important milestone in the history of AI. It is also a part of a bigger LLM trend that will continue to grow forward in the future. The revolutionary step of providing API access has created the new model-as-a-service business model. GPT-3’s general language-based capabilities open the doors to building innovative products.. Culvers
Feb 24, 2022 · GPT Neo *As of August, 2021 code is no longer maintained.It is preserved here in archival form for people who wish to continue to use it. 🎉 1T or bust my dudes 🎉. An implementation of model & data parallel GPT3-like models using the mesh-tensorflow library. How to Run and install the ChatGPT Locally Using a Docker Desktop? ️ Powered By: https://www.outsource2bd.comYes, you can install ChatGPT locally on your mac...11 13 more replies HelpfulTech • 5 mo. ago There are so many GPT chats and other AI that can run locally, just not the OpenAI-ChatGPT model. Keep searching because it's been changing very often and new projects come out often. Some models run on GPU only, but some can use CPU now. This morning I ran a GPT-3 class language model on my own personal laptop for the first time! AI stuff was weird already. It’s about to get a whole lot weirder. LLaMA. Somewhat surprisingly, language models like GPT-3 that power tools like ChatGPT are a lot larger and more expensive to build and operate than image generation models.There are many versions of GPT-3, some much more powerful than GPT-J-6B, like the 175B model. You can run GPT-Neo-2.7B on Google colab notebooks for free or locally on anything with about 12GB of VRAM, like an RTX 3060 or 3080ti. GPT-NeoX-20B also just released and can be run on 2x RTX 3090 gpus.On Friday, a software developer named Georgi Gerganov created a tool called "llama.cpp" that can run Meta's new GPT-3-class AI large language model, LLaMA, locally on a Mac laptop. Soon...I encountered some fun errors when trying to run the llama-13b-4bit models on older Turing architecture cards like the RTX 2080 Ti and Titan RTX.Everything seemed to load just fine, and it would ...You can run a ChatGPT-like AI on your own PC with Alpaca, a chatbot created by Stanford researchers. It supports Windows, macOS, and Linux. You just need at least 8GB of RAM and about 30GB of free storage space. Chatbots are all the rage right now, and everyone wants a piece of the action. Google has Bard, Microsoft has Bing Chat, and OpenAI's ...To get started with the GPT-3 you need following things: Preview Environment in Power Platform. Sample Data. The data can be in Dataverse table but I will be using Issue Tracker SharePoint Online list that comes with following sample data. Create a canvas Power App in preview environment and add connection to the Issue tracker list.Apr 3, 2023 · Wow 😮 million prompt responses were generated with GPT-3.5 Turbo. Nomic.ai: The Company Behind the Project. Nomic.ai is the company behind GPT4All. One of their essential products is a tool for visualizing many text prompts. This tool was used to filter the responses they got back from the GPT-3.5 Turbo API. Aug 6, 2020 · The biggest gpu has 48 GB of vram. I've read that gtp-3 will come in eigth sizes, 125M to 175B parameters. So depending upon which one you run you'll need more or less computing power and memory. For an idea of the size of the smallest, "The smallest GPT-3 model is roughly the size of BERT-Base and RoBERTa-Base." At that point we're talking about datacenters being able to run a dozen GPT-3s on whatever replaces the DGX A100 three generations from now. Human-level intelligence but without all the obnoxiously survival-focused evolutionary hard-coding....